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九年義務教育全日制初級中學英語教科書(JEFC)共收詞達1060多個,詞組近400條。詞匯是構成人類語言大廈的建筑材料,是語言三要素中最重要的、最基本的要素,自然成為中考英語考查的一個重點。筆者隨意抽取了96、97兩年全國各省市中考英語試題共計35份試卷,作了統計分析,純詞匯考查的題目平均占17.2分,其考查的方式主要有如下幾種:單詞拼寫、詞形轉換、詞語釋義、詞組英漢互譯、單詞填空等,本文將分別作以介紹。
一、單詞拼寫
這種題型重在考查常用詞匯的拼寫情況,多數省市采用在句子基礎上考查在一定上、下文中單詞拼寫的能力,要求寫出該單詞時必須考慮它所處的句子環境,采用其正確形式。
1.Ihearyou''''reliving________(高興)inthenewbuilding.
(’97黑龍江)
該題所空之處系修飾動詞living,應用副詞形式happily。
2.Septemberisthen_______monthoftheyear.
(’97山西)
此題應填序數詞ninth,注意n后不帶e。
3.Jackish_______now,becausehedidn''''thavebreakfastthismorning.
(’97山西)
此題須根據后句“因為他今天早上未吃早飯”,才可推斷出Jack現在是餓了,因此應填hungry(而不填happy,healthy,helpful,heavy等其它以h開頭的形容詞)。
4.Keep_______(傳)theballtoeachother,andyou''''llbeOK.
(’97黑龍江)
該題應填passing,keep后應接動詞的ing形式作賓語。
5.Thisskirtisc_______andtheotherisexpensive.
(’97山東)
該題填cheap。后面的expensive正好與該詞相對。
6.—Howmanym________arethereinanhour?—Therearesixty.
(’96陜西)
填minutes。注意要用復數形式minutes,不能用單數形式。
7.Maryh_______oftreesareplantedeveryyearinourcity.
(’96黑龍江)
填hundreds。注意用復數形式,表示“大量、許多”。
8.He_______(清潔)ourclassroomeverymorning.
(’96廣東)
填cleans。主語是第三人稱單數,一般現在時,動詞用-s形式。
9.Theoldhouseiswell_______(保存).
(’97四川)
填kept。被動語態,該句意為“這棟老房子保存得很好。”
10.LiMingisthebeststudentinhisclass.Hecandohishomeworkwithoutanytr_________.
(’96新疆)
填trouble。前半句的介紹對正確選出所填之詞很關鍵。
二、詞形轉換
詞形轉換要求寫出所給詞的某一形式,其趨勢也是在句子基礎上考查。如:
1.Whoruns_______intheclass?(fast)
(’97北京)
應填fastest。此處是有一比較的范圍intheclass,應用副詞fast的最高級。
2.Jack''''sfatheroftenmakeshim________(do)hishomeworkforthreehourseveryday.
(’97吉林)
應填do。make作“使、讓”講時,其不定式賓補不帶to。
3.Therearealotoftall________(build)inthecity.
(’97吉林)
填buildings。首先根據句子結構考慮要用名詞,其次要注意用復數。
4.Theworkerswerewearingthickclothesandglassestokeep________safe.(they)
(’97遼寧)
填themselves。用反身代詞表強調。
5.Hegotupatsixthismorningand_______theearlybus.(catch)
(’97河北)
填caught。根據前面的動詞got判斷此處也應用一般過去時。
6.Look,how_______thebabyis!(health)
(’97內蒙)
填healthy。根據感嘆句的結構判斷,此處應填形容詞。
7.Peoplecan''''t_______withoutwaterorair.(life)
(’96新疆)
填live。情態動詞后應用原形動詞。
8.June1is_______Day.(child)(’96吉林)
填Children''''s。注意大寫和用所有格。
9.—Whichisyourfavouritemonth?—IthinkMayisthe________.(good)(’96云南)
填best。前一句問的是最喜歡的月份,因此要用最高級。
10.Allthepeoplelikethefilmbecauseit''''svery______.(interest)
(’96河南)
填interesting。主語如果指人則應用interested。如:Allthepeopleareinterestedinthefilm.
三、詞語釋義
這一題型的題目較多地反映在同義詞語或相同表達上。如:takecareof/lookafter,haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself,gotobed/gotosleep,begoodat/dowellin,byair/byplane,nolonger/not...anylonger,keepdoingsth./goondoingsth.befullof/befilledwith,worryabout/beworriedabout,feellike(doing)/wouldlike(todo),atonce/rightaway等。例如:
1.Theygoshoppingeveryday.
A.buythingsB.borrowbooks
C.workintheshop(’97北京)
答案A。goshopping還可用gotobuythings/shop(作動詞)/paymoneyforthingsinshops/dotheshopping等來解釋。
2.Don''''tworry.Yourdaughterwillbeallrightsoon.
A.illB.happyC.wellD.nice(’97廣東)
答案C。allright指身體恢復健康。
3."Thankyouverymuch.""Notatall."
A.SorryB.Youarewelcome
C.CertainlyD.Itdoesn''''tmatter
答案B。對感謝的答語還有:That''''sallright./Don''''tmentionit等。
4.Bullisbadlyill.Youhavetosendforthedoctoratonce.
A.lookforthedoctorB.ringthedoctorup
C.writetothedoctor
D.askthedoctortocome
答案選D。sendfor的含義為“派人去叫(請)”。
Youhaveenoughtime.Don''''thurry,please.
A.TakeyourtimeB.Bequick
C.Don''''tbelateD.Doitsoon
(’97山西)
答案A。takeone''''stime意為“不急、慢慢干”。
6.Pleasecallmeifyouarefree.
A.notbusyB.emptyC.easyD.late
(’96廣東)
答案A。許多形容詞/副詞可用“not+其反義詞”來解釋。如:light/notheavy,dear/notcheap等。
7.MrJackwillgivemeacallsoon.
A.call;outB.call;on
C.ring;upD.give;amessage
(’96廣東)
答案C。打電話的詞語還有:makeaphonecall/phonesb./callsb.up/givesb.aring等。
8.Thisroadisinthemiddlepartofthetown.
A.northB.centreC.southD.place
(’96天津)
答案B。類似的如:parents/fatherandmother,photo/picture,problem/question,January/thefirstmonthoftheyear,bedroom/roomforsleeping等。
9.Weoftenhearfromourfriends.
A.listentoB.hearof
C.writetoD.getlettersfrom
(’96深圳)
答案選D。再如:havealookat/lookat,gethome/gohome,drinksth./haveadrinkof,goswimming/haveaswim等。
10.—Canyoumendmybike?
—Sorry,Idon''''tthinkso.
A.Ican''''tB.IcanC.youcanD.shecan''''t
答案選A。sorry的功能相當于否定回答的no。
四、單詞填空
單詞填空在句子或語篇基礎上考查在一定語境下拼寫單詞的能力,單詞在具體的上下文中,因此其形式在原形基礎上有一定的變化,考查的方式不同,近年來多采用看圖填詞和(常識性)填空等形式。例如:
A:在下列句子中填上適當的詞使句子完整正確。
1.Therearefour______inayear.Theyarespring,summer,autumnandwinter.
(’97河南)
2.AfteralongwalkIgotvery________,soIlaydownandhadarest.
(’97河南)
3.PeopleinEnglanduseMr,MrsorMisswiththe______name.
(’97江西)
4.A:We''''llhavealookatthewoollensweaters.
B:Nohurry!Pleasetakeyour_______!
(’97遼寧)
5.A:Whereismycoat,Mum?
B:I_______itawayforyouthismorning.
(’96吉林)
6.A:MayIuseyourEnglishbook,please?
B:Sure,butplease_________itbacksoon.
(’96吉林)
答案與分析:
1.seasons。下一句說明是“季節”一詞,注意要用復數。
2.tired。afteralongwalk...和下文的……hadarest說明不是hungry/thirsty等。
3.family。在姓氏(surname)前用Mr,Mrs,Miss等,不可填given,full等。
4.time。takeone''''stime意為:Nohurry/Don''''thurry。
5.put。put...away意為“收拾起來”。
6.give。有些同學易誤填return,return不可與back連用,其后可直接跟歸還的東西。如:returnmyEnglishbook。
少數省市還常采用英漢詞組互譯(’97吉林,’96云南)等形式考查詞匯,許多省市采用的動詞(時態)填空,補全對話、句型轉換、完成句子、綜合填空(短)、選擇填空中也從不同側面充分考查了同學們詞匯掌握和使用情況,可以說詞匯是我們做好各種難度較大的能力性題型的基礎。
下面是詞匯類試題的類編(均出自96—97全國各省市中考題):
(一)根據句子中所給單詞首字母或漢語意思,寫出單詞。
1.HowmanykindsofflowersarethereinMrSmith''''sg_______?
2.Mum,I''''mh_______.Canyougivemesomethingtoeat?
3."Wouldyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?"theoldwomanaskedp_______.
4.Theradiosaysthebadw________willlastforaboutthreedays.
5.Youmaygototheschooll_______andborrowthebook.
6.Ithink________(九月)isthebestmonthoftheyear.
7.Therearetwo_______(千)studentsinourschool.
8.They________(到達)schoolatsixthismorning.
9.September10this_________(教師)Day.
10.It''''s_______(好)togivethantoreceive.
(二)根據句子意思,用括號內所給單詞的適當形式填空。
11.Horsesand______liketoeatgrass.(sheep)
12.Englishiswidelyusedby_______allovertheworld.(travel)
13.Australianseasonsare________fromChineseseasons.(difference)
14.Herearetenofthe_______names.(run)
15.Summeristhe______seasonoftheyear.(hot)
16.Thewindisblowing_______.(strong)
17.Thebottlefelldowntothegroundand________.(break)
18.Theymustn''''tleavethebabyby________.(she)
19.It''''s______toplayontheroad.Acarmayhityou.(danger)
20.A:Whatdoesyourmotherdo?
B:She''''sa________.(clean)
(三)選出與句子劃線部分意思相同或相近的單詞或短語。
21.Thegirlwassoweakthatshedidn''''tcatchupwithothers.
A.fellbehindB.triedtohold
C.ranafterD.felloff
22.Grandmaisill.Let''''stakehertohospitalrightaway.
A.atfirstB.ontime
C.rightoutD.atonce
23.Whatwouldyoulike,theredsweatersorthegreensweaters?
A.oneB.theseC.onesD.those
24.Heprefersapplestooranges.
A.likes;thanotherB.doesn''''tlike;somuch
C.likes;asmuchasD.likes;betterthan
25.Ifyoujumpthequeue,otherpeoplewillnotbepleased.
A.stepinaqueueB.standinaline
C.takeyourtimeD.don''''ttakeyourturn
26.HesatnexttomeandhelpedmewithmyEnglish.
A.behindB.betweenC.besideD.notfar
27.Mysuitisbroken.Iwanttobuyanewone.
A.wearsB.woreoutC.wornoutD.wore
28.HegottoShanghailastweek.
A.arrivedtoB.arrivedin
C.wenttoD.reachedin
29.Maryiswearingareddresstoday.
A.onB.inC.puttingonD.having
30.—Shallwegototheisland?
—Allright.Let''''sgotherethen.
A.NoB.OKC.WhatD.Sorry
Key:
(一)1.garden2.hungry3.politely4.weather5.library6.September7.thousand8.reached9.Teacher''''s10.better
(二)11.sheep12.travellers13.different14.runners''''15.hottest16.strongly17.broke18.herself19.dangerous20.cleaner
(三)21.A22.D23.C24.D25.D26.C27.B28.B29.B30.B